"How can we square this date [4004 BC] with the fact that a city like Jericho has had a history of continuous occupation since ca. 9250 BC?" Dan King, Sr.
WatchmanMag.com, April 1999
(Special Issue guest edited by Harry Osborne)
http://www.watchmanmag.com
Hmmm ...
Wouldn't continuous occupation of Jericho (tell As-Sultan) necessarily
be post-flood?
All the occupation levels at Jericho sit on top of sedimentary strata
supposedly deposited by Noah's flood. (as supposed by YEC/flood geology
advocates)
"Continuous occupation" would be after all mankind, and any
city, was wiped out by raging waters and geological sediments subsequently
deposited by the flood.
Hmmm ...
Continuous occupation of Jericho correlates to the Bible genealogy of Genesis 11, covering from Noah to Abraham (ca. 1850 BC) with an additional 430 years from Abraham to Joshua (1400-1300 BC) who the Bible credits with leading the destruction of Jericho.
The 9250 BC date cited as fact by King would place the flood 7400 years before Abraham. Genesis 11 records 10 generations spanning 490 years.
Noah
Shem 100
Arphachshad 35
Shelah 30
Eber 34
Peleg 30
Rue 32
Serug 30
Nahor 29
Terah 70
Abram 100
total: 490 years
So the literal account of the 10 generation genealogy of Genesis 11 must be expanded from 490 to 7400 years, according to King/Osborne/WatchmanMag's extra-Biblical chronology. That's an expansion factor of 15 times! In other words, for every person listed there must be on average fifteen generations that are not listed (with an average age of 30 - 50 years per generation). Yet King affirmed in his excellent article that the 9250 BC date is a "fact" (in spite of the fact that King wasn't there at the time.)
Hmmm....
Wonder what would happen if a similar expansion factor for the
even more ancient Genesis 5 genealogy was applied?
Adam 130
Seth 105
Enosh 90
Kenan 70
Mahalalel 65
Jared 162
Enoch 65
Methuselah 187
Lamech 182
Noah 105 (to birth of Shem prior to flood)
total: 1161 years
A 15x expansion factor would increase this interval to 17,415 years. Adding another 120 years until the flood plus one year for the flood, brings this period to 17,536 years before the flood ended, allowing for the subsequent continuous occupation of Jericho from 9250 BC until about 1400 BC. That would place Adam at 26,786 BC, or 28,786 bce. And of course this must be considered a minimum correction since it is unlikely that Jericho was first occupied immediately after the flood, given the events relating to Babel.
This minimum correction fits very nicely with anthropological dates
for the appearance of H. sapiens sapiens by about 30,000
bce.
Microsoft Encarta97, see article on "human"
Hmmm....
Do you wonder about the basis of that stone age 9250 BC date? (See the
Britannica article excerpt on Jericho at the
end of this page.)
All absolute archeological dates as old as 9250 BC are based on radiocarbon
dating of organic artifacts and thermoluminescent dating of fired clays,
since historical pottery/stratigraphy dating runs out of gas about 3500
BC. Most of that pottery scale is now calibrated against radiometric dates
as well. 9250 BC is even before the pre-pottery neolithic period B (8500-6000
BC). The famous first walls found at Jericho are classed as "Pre-pottery
Neolithic B" (as recently noted in the History Channel's Modern Marvels
series on Forts, March 2001). There are some stone tools found at
levels beneath these first walls. It is these tools which are the basis
of the date cited by King (9250 BC).
So when King cites as fact the 9250 BC date for Jericho's continuous
occupation he is demonstrating for us that:
1) he accepts extrabiblical authority as a fact, even when it contradicts
the straight-forward reading of the text by over an order of magnitude
2) straightforward literal language in Genesis itself regarding chronology
isn't to be taken literally (the rest of King's excellent article explains
why)
3) a large correction factor can be applied to Genesis genealogies,
by over an order of magnitude, far larger than an occasional omission
accounts for
4) application of science and non-straighforward textual
interpretations developed by W.H. Green harmonizes the Biblical account
with scientific dating interpretations of physical data
5) dates developed by application of physical dating methods such as
radiometric dating can be taken as essentially correct, for Jericho
at least
Now, why is it that it's okay to not take the genealogy of Genesis 11 (or 5) literally, which chapters are the basis of all young earth estimates, but not allow for similar harmonizing attempts with the text of Genesis 1 using the same methods of hermeneutics and scientific analyses?
Well, I suppose "They just hadn't thought it through." Matthew 7:3
Why does the dog wag its tail?
Because the head is smarter than the tail.
If the tail were smarter than the head, the tail would
wag the dog.
But who gets the credit?
Not me.
A friend privately pointed out the significance of King's 1999 statement,
in light of the 2000 Open Letter.
He/she remains anonymous. But if he/she ever wishes I will replace
this summary with his/her own thoughts, and give full blame - uh, credit.
I found his/her thoughts too timely to delay publication.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
10 Generations
It is interesting that in Genesis each successive genealogy (Adam to
Noah and Shem to Abram) contain exactly 10 generations.
In addition, the whole book is organized around the 10 tol'e'dahs
(generations, or account of).
37:2 Jacob
36:1 Esau
25:19 Isaac
25:12 Ishmael
11:27 Terah
11:10 Shem
10:1 Sons of Noah (table of the nations)
6:9 Noah
5:1 Adam
2.4 the heavens and earth
The genealogy in chapter 5 has ten generations:
Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared, Enoch, Methuselah , Lamech,
Noah
The genealogy in chapter 11 has ten generations:
Shem, Arphachshad, Shelah, Eber, Peleg, Reu, Serug, Nahor, Terah, Abram
There are also several sets of ten in the creation prologue.
10 God said statements
10 assah (God made) statements
10 according to its kind statements
This reliance on apparently intentional structuring should remind us
of the intential structuring used by Mathew in his genealogy of Christ.
Mathew explicitly structures the genealogy of Mathew 1 into three sets
of fourteen generations from Abraham to Jesus.
Mathew uses this structure, even though to get the numbers to work
out requires counting some individuals twice.
The gospel of Mathew is usually noted as the most Jewish of the Gospels
and hence it is not unusual for him to use
a genealogical numercial method which parallels the devices used by
Moses in Genesis for the lineage from Adam to Abraham.
Moses used three sets of ten, Mathew used three sets of fourteen.
Neither should be understood to be reciting a chronological sequence
for strict historical/archeological comparison.
(See William Henry Greene's original article Primeval
Chronology for more discussion.
King derives nearly all the material from Greene's orginal 1890 publication.)
Encyclopedia Britannica Online: Jericho
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/7/0,5716,44537+1+43547,00.html
Excavations have shown, however, that Jericho had a very long history
before the
biblical period, and the site's great importance is that it gives
evidence of the first
development of permanent settlements and thus of the first steps
toward civilization.
Traces have been found of visits of Mesolithic hunters, dated
by carbon-14 to about
9000 BC, and of a long period of settlement by their descendants.
By about 8000 BC
the inhabitants had grown into an organized community capable
of building a massive
stone wall around the settlement, strengthened at one point at
least by a massive
stone tower. The size of this settlement justifies the use of
the term town and
suggests a population of some 2,000-3,000 persons. Thus, this
1,000 years had seen
movement from a hunting way of life to full settlement. The development
of agriculture
can be inferred from this, and grains of cultivated types of
wheat and barley have
been found. Jericho is thus one of the places providing evidence
of the development of
agriculture. It is highly probable that, to provide enough land
for cultivation, irrigation
had been invented. This first Neolithic culture of Palestine
was a purely indigenous
development. These occupants were succeeded about 7000 BC by
a second group,
bringing a culture that was still Neolithic and still not manufacturing
pottery, though it
was not indigenous. This occupation probably indicates the arrival
of newcomers from
one of the other centres, possibly in northern Syria, in which
the Neolithic way of life
based on agriculture had developed.
This second Neolithic stage ended about 6000 BC. For the next
1,000 years there is
little evidence of occupation at Jericho. Only about 5000 BC
did Jericho show the
influences of developments that had been taking place in the
north, where an
ever-increasing number of villages had appeared, still Neolithic
but marked by the use
of pottery. The first pottery users of Jericho were, however,
primitive compared with
their predecessors on the site, living in simple huts sunk in
the ground. They were
probably mainly pastoralists. Over the next 2,000 years, occupation
was sparse and
possibly intermittent.
At the end of the 4th millennium BC, an urban culture once more
appeared in Jericho,
as in the rest of Palestine. Jericho became a walled town again,
with its walls many
times rebuilt.
About 2300 BC there was once more a break in urban life. The nomadic
newcomers,
consisting of a number of different groups, were probably the
Amorites. Their
successors, about 1900 BC, were the Canaanites, sharing a culture
found the whole
length of the Mediterranean littoral. The Canaanites reintroduced
town life, and
excavations have provided evidence both of their houses and of
their domestic
furniture, which was found in their tombs as equipment of the
dead in the afterlife.
These discoveries have indicated the nature of the culture that
the Israelites found
when they infiltrated into Canaan and which they largely adopted.